Internally developing parasitoid wasps, such as A. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, receives protection against the parasitic wasp, Aphidius ervi, when infected with the bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella defensa and its associated bacteriophage APSE (Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont. Parasitic wasp responses to symbiont-based defense in aphidsįull Text Available Abstract Background Recent findings indicate that several insect lineages receive protection against particular natural enemies through infection with heritable symbionts, but little is yet known about whether enemies are able to discriminate and respond to symbiont-based defense. In this review we discuss how these novelties may have arisen, which genes are potentially involved, and what the consequences have been for genome evolution. These viruses are novel in two ways: (1 they have become non-autonomous domesticated entities that cannot replicate outside of wasps and (2 they function as a delivery vector of genes that ensure successful parasitism of host insects that wasps parasitize. Here, we discuss polydnavirus symbionts of parasitic wasps. Polydnaviruses of Parasitic Wasps: Domestication of Viruses To Act as Gene Delivery Vectorsĭirectory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)įull Text Available Symbiosis is a common phenomenon in which associated organisms can cooperate in ways that increase their ability to survive, reproduce, or utilize hostile environments. In this study we demonstrate differences in the number of conditioning trials required to form long-term memory between the closely related parasitic wasp species Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti Natural variation in long-term memory formation among Nasonia parasitic wasp speciesĬlosely related species of parasitic wasps can differ substantially in memory dynamics.

Theine plateau wasp location